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… from the M2 region of the cortex to regions in the brainstem, which actually control the legs, would be … signals down two separate paths that re-converge in the brainstem. Why? Because the difference made by those two … nucleus (STN). The STN certainly then needed to signal the brainstem—specifically the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) in …

… work. Opioids combat nociception in the spinal cord and brainstem by binding to opioid receptors, while decreasing … involving the neurotransmitter acetylcholine between the brainstem, the thalamus, and cortex. By contrast, ketamine …

… have now discovered how this occurs. A small region of the brainstem, known as the locus coeruleus, is activated in …

… brain, the periaqueductal gray (PAG), is located in the brainstem and plays a role in responding to pain, stress, and …

… reactivation in many thalamic, cortical, midbrain and brainstem structures,” the authors wrote. “Importantly when …

… and speed and acceleration information coming from the brainstem. The encoding is apparent in changes in the timing …